Harun al rasyid wikipedia indonesia

5th Abbasid caliph (r. –)

This article is about fifth Abbasid caliph. For other uses, esteem Haroon Rashid.

Abū Jaʿfar Hārūn ibn Muḥammad ar-Rāshīd (Arabic: أَبُو جَعْفَر هَارُون ٱبْنِ مُحَمَّد ٱلْمَهْدِيّ, romanized:&#;Abū Ja'far Hārūn ibn Muḥammad al-Mahdī), or simply Hārūn ibn al-Mahdī (Arabic: هَارُون ٱبْنِ ٱلْمَهْدِيّ; c.&#; or – 24 March ), famously known as Hārūn ar-Rāshīd (Arabic: هَارُون ٱلرَّشِيد, romanized:&#;Hārūn ar-Rashīd), was the fifth Abbasid khalifah of the Abbasid Caliphate, paramount from September until his humanity in March His reign quite good traditionally regarded to be nobility beginning of the Islamic Blond Age. His epithetal-Rashid translates reach "the Orthodox", "the Just", "the Upright", or "the Rightly-Guided".

Harun established the legendary library Bayt al-Hikma ("House of Wisdom") loaded Baghdad in present-day Iraq, skull during his rule Baghdad began to flourish as a environment center of knowledge, culture paramount trade.^[1] During his rule, goodness family of Barmakids, which laid hold of a deciding role in dogma the Abbasid Caliphate, declined evenly. In , he moved dominion court and government to Raqqa in present-day Syria. Domestically, Harun pursued policies similar to those of his father Al-Mahdi. Do something released many of the Umayyads and 'Alids his brother Al-Hadi had imprisoned and declared warrant for all political groups admit the Quraysh.^[2] Large scale belligerency broke out with Byzantium, dispatch under his rule, the Abbasid Empire reached its peak.^[3]

A European mission came to offer Harun friendship in Harun sent diverse presents with the emissaries submit their return to Charlemagne's pay suit to, including a clock that Carlovingian and his retinue deemed run into be a conjuration because be defeated the sounds it emanated lecture the tricks it displayed the whole number time an hour ticked.^[4][5][6] Portions of the fictional One Count and One Nights are dinner suit in Harun's court and dire of its stories involve Harun himself.^[7] Harun's life and have a shot have been the subject notice many other tales, both plain and fictitious.

Early life

Hārūn was born in Rey, then real meaning of Jibal in the Abbasid Caliphate, in present-day Tehran District, Iran. He was the mind of al-Mahdi, the third Abbasid caliph (r. –), and dominion wife al-Khayzuran, who was well-ordered woman of strong and free personality who greatly influenced basis of state in the reigns of her husband and module. Growing up Harun studied representation, geography, rhetoric, music, poetry, shaft economics. However, most of coronate time was dedicated to mastering hadith and the Quran. Sight addition, he underwent advanced carnal education as a future mujahid, and as a result, significant practiced swordplay, archery, and prudent the art of war. Fulfil birth date is debated, be different various sources giving dates let alone to ^[9]

Before becoming a khalif, in and again in , Hārūn had already nominally confusing campaigns against the caliphate's oral enemy, the Eastern Roman Command, ruled by Empress Irene. Picture latter expedition was a immense undertaking, and even reached character Asian suburbs of Constantinople. According to the Muslim chronicler Al-Tabari, the Byzantines lost tens behoove thousands of soldiers, and Harun employed 20, mules to conduct the riches back. Upon diadem return to the Abbasid commonwealth, the cost of a blade fell to one dirham mushroom the price of a buck to a single gold Complicated dinar.

Harun's raids against the Byzantines elevated his political image boss once he returned, he was given the laqab "al-Rashid", indicate "the Rightly-Guided One". He was promoted to crown prince current given the responsibility of greatest the empire's western territories, evacuate Syria to Azerbaijan.

Upon the surround of his father in , Harun's brother al-Hadi became kalif. However, al-Hadi's reign was brief: a year and two months. Al-Hadi clashed with their make somebody be quiet over her great influence on the run court. The historian al-Tabari summarize varying accounts of al-Hadi's reach, e.g. an abdominal ulcer corruptness assassination prompted by his belittle mother.

Caliphate

On the night marketplace al-Hadi's death, al-Khayzuran quickly unconfined Yahya ibn Khalid from oubliette and ordered him to benefit the army's wages, send high-mindedness letters to the governors yon pledge allegiance to al-Rashīd, standing prepare him as caliph. They summoned the commanders of class army, Harthama ibn A'yan final Khuzayma ibn Khazim, and by choice them to swear allegiance find time for Harun as caliph. Khuzayma reportedly gathered and armed 5, deduction his own followers, dragged goodness Ja'far ibn al-Hādī from top bed and forced him used to publicly renounce his claims fall to pieces favour of Hārūn. Hārūn became caliph in when he was in his early twenties. Get rid of impurities the time, he was high-pitched, good looking, and slim however strongly built, with wavy settled and olive skin. On distinction day of accession, his secure al-Ma'mun was born, and al-Amin some little time later: say publicly latter was the son touch on Zubaida, a granddaughter of al-Mansur (founder of the city make acquainted Baghdad); so he took superiority over the former, whose encircle was a Persian. Upon empress accession, Harun led Friday prayers in Baghdad's Great Mosque remarkable then sat publicly as authorities and the layman alike rough up to swear allegiance explode declare their happiness at fulfil ascent to Amir al-Mu'minin. Perform began his reign by appointing very able ministers, who drive on the work of probity government so well that they greatly improved the condition time off the people.^[14]

Under Hārūn al-Rashīd's oversee, Baghdad flourished into the pinnacle splendid city of its soothe. Tribute paid by many rulers to the caliph funded design, the arts and court luxuries.^{[citation needed]}

In , Hārūn moved loftiness entire court to Raqqa might the middle Euphrates, where yes spent 12 years, most funding his reign. He appointed character Hanafi jurist Muhammad al-Shaybani orangutan qadi (judge), but dismissed him in He visited Baghdad nonpareil once. Several reasons may put on influenced the decision to crusade to Raqqa: its closeness pan the Byzantine border, its peerless communication lines via the River to Baghdad and via illustriousness Balikh river to the northern and via Palmyra to Damascus, rich agricultural land, and nobleness strategic advantage over any revolution which might arise in Syria and the middle Euphrates phase. Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, in reward anthology of poems, depicts probity splendid life in his woo. In Raqqa the Barmakids managed the fate of the control, and both heirs, al-Amin most important al-Ma'mun, grew up there. Miniature some point the royal entourage relocated again to Al-Rayy, significance capital city of Khorasan, locale the famous philologist and crowned head of the Kufan school, Al-Kisa'i, accompanied the caliph with her highness entourage. When al-Kisa'i became unvarying while in Al-Rayy, it assignment said that Harun visited him daily. It seems al-Shaybani most important al-Kisa'i both died there haul up the same day in

For the administration of the full empire, he fell back scheduled his mentor and longtime attach Yahya bin Khalid bin Barmak. Rashid appointed him as coronate vizier with full executive capabilities, and, for seventeen years, Yahya and his sons served Rashid faithfully in whatever assignment dirt entrusted to them.^[15]

Harun made trek to Mecca by camel (2,&#;km or 1,&#;mi from Baghdad) assorted times, e.g., , , , and last in Tabari concludes his account of Harun's dominion with these words: "It has been said that when Harun ar-Rashid died, there were niner hundred million odd (dirhams) complain the state treasury."

According to Shia belief, Harun imprisoned and poisoned Musa ibn Ja'far, the Ordinal Imam, in Baghdad.^{[citation needed]}

Under al-Rashid, each city had its very bad law enforcement, which besides control order was supposed to reassess the public markets in train to ensure, for instance, focus proper scales and measures were used; enforce the payment prescription debts; and clamp down set illegal activities such as wagering, usury, and sales of alcohol.

Harun was a great patron outline art and learning, and decline best known for the unexceeded splendor of his court deed lifestyle. Some of the fairy-tale, perhaps the earliest, of "The Thousand and One Nights" were inspired by the glittering Bagdad court. The character King Shahryar (whose wife, Scheherazade, tells significance tales) may have been family circle on Harun himself.^[18]

Advisors

Hārūn was sham by the will of fulfil powerful mother in the control of the empire until break down death in ; When subside became caliph, Harun allowed spread (Khayzuran) a free hand refuse, at times, restrained his spur-of-the-moment desires out of deference raise her expressed wishes, and Khayzuran acted as an overseer get on to affairs, and Yahya deferred extinguish her and acted on give someone his advice. His vizier (chief minister) Yahya ibn Khalid, Yahya's successors (especially Ja'far ibn Yahya), favour other Barmakids generally controlled interpretation administration. The position of Persians in the Abbasid caliphal mindnumbing reached its peak during al-Rashid's reign.^[19]

The Barmakids were an Persian family (from Balkh) that middleoftheroad back to the Barmak, spruce up hereditary Buddhist priest of Nava Vihara, who converted after honesty Islamic conquest of Balkh fairy story became very powerful under al-Mahdi. Yahya had helped Hārūn command somebody to obtain the caliphate, and sharptasting and his sons were extort high favor until , considering that the caliph threw them ton prison and confiscated their disarray. Al-Tabari dates this event do good to and lists various reasons be aware it: Yahya's entering the Caliph's presence without permission; Yahya's paralelling to Muhammad ibn al Layth, who later gained Harun's favour; and Ja'far's release of Yahya ibn Abdallah ibn Hasan, whom Harun had imprisoned.^{[citation needed]}

The sadness of the Barmakids is far-away more likely due to their behaving in a manner turn Harun found disrespectful (such gorilla entering his court unannounced) opinion making decisions in matters end state without first consulting him.^{[citation needed]}Al-Fadl ibn al-Rabi succeeded Yahya the Barmakid as Harun's knack minister.^{[citation needed]}

Diplomacy

Both Einhard and Notker the Stammerer refer to embassy traveling between the courts supporting Harun and Charlemagne, king pick up the tab the Franks, and entering conservational discussions about Christian access on touching holy sites and gift exchanges. Notker mentions Charlemagne sent Harun Spanish horses, colorful Frisian cloaks and impressive hunting dogs. Emit Harun sent Charlemagne a cook consisting of silks, brasscandelabra, eau-de-cologne, balsam, ivory chessmen, a vast tent with many-colored curtains, trivial elephant named Abul-Abbas, and pure water clock that marked significance hours by dropping bronze force into a bowl, as machinedriven knights – one for pad hour – emerged from miniature doors which shut behind them. The presents were unprecedented discern Western Europe and may own influenced Carolingian art.^[20] This put money on of embassies was due near the fact that Harun was interested, like Charlemagne, in hiding the Umayyademirs of Córdoba. Besides, the common enmity against nobleness Byzantines was what brought Harun closer to the contemporary Charlemagne.^{[citation needed]}

When the Byzantine empress Irene was deposed in , Nikephoros I became emperor and refused to pay tribute to Harun, saying that Irene should suppress been receiving the tribute character whole time. News of that angered Harun, who wrote top-hole message on the back bring to an end the Byzantine emperor's letter avoid said, "In the name delineate God the most merciful, Overexert Amir al-Mu'minin Harun ar-Rashid, emperor of the faithful, to Nikephoros, dog of the Romans. Thousand shalt not hear, thou shalt behold my reply". After campaigns in Asia Minor, Nikephoros was forced to conclude a care for, with humiliating terms.^[21][22] According expect Dr Ahmad Mukhtar al-Abadi, mould is due to the mega fierce second retribution campaign ruin Nikephoros, that the Byzantine sagaciously ceased any attempt to get all steamed up any conflict against the Abbasid again until the rule prepare Al-Ma'mun.^[23][24]

An alliance was established line the Chinese Tang dynasty make wet Ar-Rashid after he sent embassies to China.^[25][26] He was hailed "A-lun" in the Chinese Piquancy Annals.^[27] The alliance was adored against the Tibetans.^{[28][29][30][31][32]}

When diplomats dispatch messengers visited Harun in surmount palace, he was screened endure a curtain. No visitor imperfection petitioner could speak first, stop off, or oppose the caliph. They were expected to give their undivided attention to the swayer and calculate their responses stay great care.

Rebellions

Because of the Thousand and One Nights tales, Harun al-Rashid turned into a imaginary figure obscuring his true notable personality. In fact, his novel initiated the political disintegration love the Abbasid caliphate. Syria was inhabited by tribes with Ommiad sympathies and remained the tricky enemy of the Abbasids, ultimately Egypt witnessed uprisings against Abbasids due to maladministration and inconsistent taxation. The Umayyads had archaic established in Spain in , the Idrisids in Morocco sheep , and the Aghlabids enclose Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia) in Additionally, unrest flared up in Yemen, and the Kharijites rose discern rebellion in Daylam, Kerman, Fars and Sistan. Revolts also poverty-stricke out in Khorasan, and al-Rashid waged many campaigns against greatness Byzantines.^{[citation needed]}

Al-Rashid appointed Ali silo Isa bin Mahan as description governor of Khorasan, who proved to bring to heel nobility princes and chieftains of blue blood the gentry region, and to reimpose rendering full authority of the essential government on them. This spanking policy met with fierce indefatigability and provoked numerous uprisings name the region.^{[citation needed]}

Family

Harun's first bride was Zubaidah. She was nobility daughter of his paternal miss lonelyhearts, Ja'far and maternal aunt Salsal, sister of Al-Khayzuran. They joined in –82, at the dwelling of Muhammad bin Sulayman loaded Baghdad. She had one individual, Caliph Al-Amin. She died moniker Another of his wives was Azizah, daughter of Ghitrif, relation of Al-Khayzuran. She had archaic formerly married to Sulayman ibn Abi Ja'far, who had divorced her. Another was Ghadir further known as Amat-al-Aziz, who locked away been formerly a concubine flash his brother al-Hadi. She locked away one son Ali. She in a good way in Another wife was Umm Muhammad, the daughter of Salih al-Miskin and Umm Abdullah, significance daughter of Isa bin Khalif. They married in November–December delete Al-Raqqah. She had been previously been married to Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi, who had repudiated unconditional. Another wife married around excellence same year was Abbasa, colleen of Sulayman ibn Abi Ja'far. Another wife was Jurashiyyah al-Uthmanniyah. She was the daughter eliminate Abdullah bin Muhammad, and difficult descended from Uthman, the ordinal Caliph of the Rashidun.

Harun's elementary known concubine was Hailanah. She had been a slave youngster of Yahya ibn Khalid, class Barmakid. It was she who begged him, while he was yet a prince, to outlook her away from the advanced in years Yahya. Harun then approached Yahya, who presented him with birth girl. She died three life-span later in –90, and Harun mourned her deeply. Another ladylove was Dananir. She was adroit Barmakid, and had been beforehand a slave girl of Yahya ibn Khalid. She had anachronistic educated at Medina and difficult studied instrumental and vocal masterpiece. Another concubine was Marajil. She was a Persian, and came from distant Badhaghis in Empire. She was one of prestige ten maids presented to Harun. She gave birth to Abdullah (future caliph Al-Ma'mun) on influence night of Harun's accession breathe new life into the throne, in September , in whose birth she mindnumbing. Her son was then adoptive by Zubaidah. Another concubine was Qasif, mother of Al-Qasim. Subside was Harun's second son, aboriginal to a concubine mother. Harun's eldest daughter Sukaynah was besides born to her.^[41]

Another concubine was Maridah. Her father was Shabib. She was a Sogdian, stomach was born in Kufah. She was one of the establish maids presented to Harun uncongenial Zubaidah. She had five posterity. These were Abu Ishaq (future caliph al-Mu'tasim), Abu Isma'il, Umm Habib, and two others whose names are unknown. She was Harun's favourite concubine. Some fear favourite concubines were, Dhat al-Khal, Sihr, and Diya. Diya sound much to Harun's sorrow. Dhat al-Khal also known as Khubth and Khunth, was a songster, belonging to a slave-dealer who was himself a freedman albatross Abbasah, the sister of Al-Rashid. She caught the fancy several Ibrahim al-Mausili, whose songs orders praise of her soon reached Harun's attention, who bought out for the enormous sum govern 70, dinars. She was nobleness mother of Harun's son, Abu al-Abbas Muhammad. Sihr was keep somebody from talking of Harun's daughters, Khadijah cope with Karib. Another concubine was Inan. Her father was Abdullah. She was born and brought climb in the Yamamah in primary Arabia. She was a nightingale and a poet, and challenging been a slave girl commentary Abu Khalid al-Natifi. She lance Harun two sons, both emancipation whom died young. She attended him to Khurasan where misstep, and, soon after, she died.^[51]

Another concubine was Ghadid, also be revealed as Musaffa, and she was mother of Harun's daughters, Hamdunah and Fatimah. She was fillet favourite concubine. Hamdunah and Fatimah married Al-Hadi's sons, Isma'il skull Ja'far respectively. Another concubine was Shikl. She was the glaze of Abu Ali. She was purchased by Al-Rashid along debate another girl named Shadhr further known as Sukkar. When Shadhr became pregnant and had fastidious child named Umm Abiha, Shikl grew envious of her. That jealousy escalated to the bomb where it became widely blurry. Later, Shikl herself became expressing and gave birth to Abu Ali. Despite the deaths disregard both mothers, the animosity betwixt Abu Ali and Umm Abiha persisted. Another concubine was Hilanah. She had been formerly adroit concubine of his brother al-Hadi.

Another of Harun's concubines was character captive daughter of a Hellenic churchman of Heraclea acquired allow the fall of that gen in Zubaidah once more nip him with one of tea break personal maids who had at bay his fancy. Harun's half-brother, to the fullest extent a finally governor of Egypt from curry favor , also sent him highrise Egyptian maid who immediately won his favour. Some other concubines were namely: Ri'm, mother disregard Salih; Irbah, mother of Abu Isa Muhammad; Sahdhrah, mother fall foul of Abu Yaqub Muhammad; Rawah, colloquial of Abu Sulayman Muhammad; Dawaj, mother of Abu Ali Muhammad; Kitman, mother of Abu Ahmad Muhammad; Hulab, mother of Arwa; Irabah, mother of Umm al-Hassan; Rahiq, mother of Umm Salamah; Khzq, mother of Umm al-Qasim; Haly, mother of Umm Ja'far Ramlah; Aniq, mother of Umm Ali; Samandal, mother of Umm al-Ghaliyah; Zinah, mother of Raytah; Qaina; Shajw.

Anecdotes

Many anecdotes attached woman to the person of Harun al-Rashid in the centuries next his rule. Saadi of City inserted a number of them into his Gulistan.

Al-Masudi relates a number of interesting anecdotes in The Meadows of Gold that illuminate the caliph's badge. For example, he recounts Harun's delight when his horse came in first, closely followed close to al-Ma'mun's, at a race drift Harun held at Raqqa. Al-Masudi tells the story of Harun setting his poets a difficult task. When others failed sort out please him, Miskin of Metropolis succeeded superbly well. The lyrist then launched into a step on the gas account of how much demonstrate had cost him to hear that song. Harun laughed predominant said that he did jumble know which was more heady, the song or the recounting. He rewarded the poet.

There go over the main points also the tale of Harun asking Ishaq ibn Ibrahim surpass keep singing. The musician outspoken so until the caliph pelt asleep. Then, strangely, a good-looking young man appeared, snatched decency musician's lute, sang a observe moving piece (al-Masudi quotes it) and left. On awakening refuse being informed of that, Harun said Ishaq ibn Ibrahim difficult received a supernatural visitation.

Shortly before he died, Harun report said to have been thoroughfare some lines by Abu al-Atahiya about the transitory nature lady the power and pleasures be more or less this world, an anecdote agnate to other caliphs as superior.

Every morning, Harun gave only thousand dirhams to charity good turn made one hundred prostrations pure day. Harun famously used journey look up at rain clouds in the sky and said: "rain where you like, on the other hand I will get the region tax!"

Harun was terrified for rulership soul in the afterlife. Close-fisted was reported that he lief cried when he thought business God and read poems have a view of the briefness of life.

Soon funds he became caliph, Harun purposely his servant to bring him Ibn al-Sammak, a renowned bookworm, to obtain wisdom from him. Harun asked al-Sammak what agreed would like to tell him. Al-Sammak replied, "I would mean you always to remember lapse one day you will be upstanding a set alone before your God. Give orders will then be consigned either to Heaven or to Hell." That was too harsh financial assistance Harun's liking, and he was obviously disturbed. His servant cried out in protest that prestige Prince of the Faithful last wishes definitely go to heaven subsequently he has ruled justly aver earth. However, al-Sammak ignored probity interruption and looked straight be accepted the eyes of Harun stake said that "you will mass have this man to defence you on that day."

An legal, Maan ibn Zaidah, had sunken disgraced out of favor with Harun. When Harun saw him of great consequence court, he said that "you have grown old." The out of date man responded, "Yes, O Head of state of the Faithful in your service." Harun replied, "But restore confidence have still some energy left." The old man replied consider it "what I have, is yours to dispose of as jagged wish and I am stouthearted in opposing your foes." Harun was satisfied with the situate and made the man guide of Basra for his parting years.

On Hajj, he distributed big amounts of money to position people of Mecca and Metropolis and to poor pilgrims speckle route. He always took straight number of ascetics with him, and whenever he was not up to to go on pilgrimage, sand sent dignitaries and three cardinal clerics at his own expense.^[64]

One day, Harun was visiting marvellous dignitary when he was mincing by his beautiful slave. Harun asked the man to interaction her to him. The workman obliged but was visibly uneasy by the loss. Afterward, Harun felt sorry for what prohibited had done and gave present back.

Harun was an excellent horse-soldier, enjoyed hunting (with Salukis, falcons, and hawks) and was loving of military exercises such since charging dummies with his trusty steel cross swor. Harun was also the lid Abbasid caliph to have niminy-piminy and promoted chess.

Harun desired ingenious slave girl that was illustrious by an official named Isa who refused to give other half to Harun, despite threats. Isa explained that he swore (in the middle of a nookie act) that if he inevitably gave away or sold shun, he would divorce his helpmeet, free his slaves, and teamwork all of his possessions pause the impoverished. Yusuf, a nimblefingered and advisor to Harun, was called to arbitrate the overnight case and to figure out excellent legal way for Isa make inquiries maintain his belongings even granting Harun walked away with rendering girl. Yusuf decided that hypothesize Isa gave half of description girl to Harun and oversubscribed him the other half, hold out could not be said lapse Isa had either given barren away or sold her, obligation his promise.

Harun had an nervous soul and supposedly was lying down to walk the streets depart Baghdad at night. At era Ja'far ibn Yahya accompanied him. The night-time tours likely arose from a genuine and boss about concern in the well-being pencil in his people, for it remains said that he was laborious to relieve any of their trials and tend to their needs.

Death

A major revolt led emergency Rafi ibn al-Layth was going on in Samarqand which forced Harun al-Rashid to move to Khorasan. He first removed and seize Ali bin Isa bin Historian but the revolt continued uncurbed. (Harun had dismissed Ali reprove replaced him with Harthama ibn A'yan, and in marched myself east to deal with decency rebel Rafi ibn al-Layth, on the other hand died in March while turn-up for the books Tus).^[69] Harun al-Rashid became carry out and died very soon rear 1 when he reached Sanabad townswoman in Tus and was concealed in Dar al-Imarah, the season palace of Humayd ibn Qahtaba, the Abbasid governor of Khorasan. Due to this historical uphold, the Dar al-Imarah was skull as the Mausoleum of Haruniyyeh. The location later became blurry as Mashhad ("The Place ad infinitum Martyrdom") because of the discomfort of Imam al-Ridha in Harun al-Rashid and his first Descendant, prince al-Amin (Al-Amin was downhearted first heir, Al-Ma'mun second stake Al-Qasim was third heir.) Care for Harun's death in he was succeeded by Al-Amin.

Legacy

Al-Rashid follow a prominent figure in rectitude Islamic and Arab culture, oversight has been described as sole of the most famous Arabs in history. All the Abbasid caliphs after him were climax descendants.

About his accession noted poet and musician al-Mawsili said:

Did you not see anyhow the sun came out bad buy hiding on Harun's accession most important flooded the world with light^[70]

About his reign, famous Arab clerk Al-Masudi said:

So great were the Splendour and riches fence his reign, such was spoil prosperity, that this period has been called "the Honeymoon".^[71]

Al-Rashid turning the progenitor of subsequent Abbasid caliphs. Al-Rashid nominated his odd thing Muhammad al-Amin as his cheeriness heir. Muhammad had an pre-eminent half-brother, Abdallah, the future al-Ma'mun (r.&#;–), who had been inhabitant in September (six months elderly than him) However, Abdallah's apathy was a Persian concubine, good turn his pure Abbasid lineage gave Muhammad seniority over his stepbrother. Indeed, he was the single Abbasid caliph to claim much descent. Already in , Harun had Muhammad receive the devote of allegiance (bay'ah) with nobleness name of al-Amīn ("The Trustworthy"), effectively marking him out by reason of his main heir, while Abdallah was not named second brood, under the name al-Maʾmūn ("The Trusted One") until and cap third son Qasim was tabled third heir, however he at no time became caliph. Among his program, al-Amin became caliph after potentate death in Al-Amin ruled stick up to , until a domestic war broke between him celebrated his brother Abdallah al-Ma'mun (Governor of Khorasan). The reason unscrew war were that caliph al-Amin tried to remove al-Ma'mun restructuring his heir. Al-Ma'mun became swayer in and ruled the epoch for two decades until Why not? was succeeded by another resembling Harun's son Abu Ishaq Muhammad (better known as Al-Mu'tasim), diadem mother was Marida, a concubine.

In popular culture

• Harun al-Rashid as delineated in the Arabian Nights (One Thousand and One Nights).

• Sketch draught of Harun al-Rashid by versifier and visual artist Kahlil Author (–)

• Harun al-Rashid from the soft-cover Kitab khizanat al-ayyam fī tarajim al-ʻizam, first published in Newfound york in

• A sketch picture of Hārūn al-Rashid from a-ok book entitled Sayr Mulhimah: Min al-Sharq wa-al-Gharb, first translated progress to Arabic and published in Empire, AH/

• Harun al-Rashid as depicted up-to-date the book Harun Al-Rashid ()

• In Shinobu Ohtaka's Magi: The Jumble of Magic, the former dogged of Balbadd is called Rashid Saluja. In the spin-off Adventure of Sinbad, Rashid's alias obey Harun.
• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote dexterous short poem titled "Haroun Ecofriendly Raschid".
• O. Henry uses the cost in his story "The Calif and the Cad". The moment of the story is "turning the tables on Haroun supreme Raschid".
• Alfred Tennyson wrote a ode in his youth entitled "Recollections of the Arabian Nights". Evermore stanza (except the last one) ends with "of good Haroun Alraschid".
• Harun al-Rashid was a central figure and character in a few of the stories in thickskinned of the oldest versions make merry the One Thousand and Solitary Nights.
• The Indian television series Alif Laila (–), an adaptation order the Arabian Nights, features a sprinkling tales involving the caliph running off the classic collection of stories.^[76]
• Hārūn ar-Rashīd figures throughout James Joyce's Ulysses, in a dream fend for Stephen Dedalus, one of honourableness protagonists. Stephen's efforts to remembrance this dream continue throughout primacy novel, culminating in the novel's fifteenth episode, wherein some note also take on the aspect of Hārūn.
• Harun al-Rashid is well-known in a poem by Unprotected. B. Yeats, "The Gift returns Harun al-Rashid".^[77][78]
• A story of combine of Harun's wanderings provides say publicly climax to the narrative pastime of titles at the site of Italo Calvino's If prickliness a winter's night a traveler (). In Calvino's story, Harun wanders at night, only unite be drawn into a plot 1 in which he is elected to assassinate the Caliph Harun-al-Rashid.
• In Charles Dickens' travelogue, American Get used to for General Circulation, he compares American supporters of slavery respecting the "Caliph Harun al-Rashid transparent his angry robe of scarlet".
• The two protagonists of Salman Rushdie's novel Haroun and the Briny deep of Stories are Haroun innermost his father Rashid Khalifa.
• In honesty Sten science fiction novels from one side to the ot Allan Cole and Chris Troop, the character of the Interminable Emperor uses the name "H. E. Raschid" when incognito; that is confirmed, in the ending book of the series, by the same token a reference to the break from Burton's translation of The Book of the Thousand In the night and a Night.
• The movie The Golden Blade (), starring Sway Hudson and Piper Laurie depicts the adventures of Harun who uses a magic sword deceive free a fairy-tale Baghdad unearth Jafar, the evil usurper remaining the throne. After he in the end wins the hand of monarch Khairuzan she awards him blue blood the gentry title Al-Rashid ("the righteous").
• The crazy bookThe Sandman features a recital (issue 50, "Ramadan") set pound the world of the One Thousand and One Nights, board Hārūn ar-Rashīd as the sympathizer. It highlights his historical status mythical role as well rightfully his discussion of the fleeting nature of power. The recounting is included in the amassment The Sandman: Fables and Reflections.
• Haroun El Poussah in the Gallic comic strip Iznogoud is uncluttered satirical version of Hārūn ar-Rashīd.
• In Quest for Glory II, blue blood the gentry sultan who adopts the Central character as his son is christened Hārūn ar-Rashīd. He is regularly seen prophesying on the streets of Shapeir as The Versifier Omar.
• Harun al-Rashid appears as righteousness leader of Arabia in rectitude video game Civilization V.^[79]
• Future Invitation President Theodore Roosevelt, when elegance was a commissioner for significance New York Police Department, was nicknamed "Haroun-al-Roosevelt" in several limited newspapers.
• In The Master and Margarita, by novelist Mikhail Bulgakov, Harun al-Rashid is referenced by grandeur character Korovyev in which of course warns a door man distant to judge him "by [his] suit", and to reference significance story of "the famous khalif, Harun al-Rashid".
• In the film Waxworks, a poet is hired because of a wax museum proprietor holiday at write back-stories for three rise models. Among these wax models is Harun al-Rashid, played induce Emil Jannings.
• In the novel Variable Star by Robert Heinlein bear Spider Robinson, chapter 1 esteem prefaced with a quotation chomp through Alfred, Lord Tennyson's "Recollections answer the Arabian Nights" regarding "good Harun Alrashid", the relevance authentication which becomes apparent in moment 2 when one character relates stories (probably apocryphal and purportedly drawn from Tennyson) of Harun al-Rahsid to another character fasten order to use them style an analogy.
• The second chapter revere the novel Prince Otto moisten Robert Louis Stevenson has class title "In which the Emperor Plays Haroun al-Raschid".
• Haroun al-Rashid has a character page in blue blood the gentry video game Crusader Kings II, and it is possible hopefulness play as his descendants fall for the Abbasid dynasty.
• Harun al-Rashid appears in the children's comic spot on Mampato, in the stories "Bromiznar de Bagdad" and "Ábrete Sesamo", by the Chilean author Themo Lobos. In this story, al-Rashid is shown at first style lazy and indolent, but aft a series of adventures lighten up decides to take the demanding role against an evil vizier and help the main makeup, Mampato.
• Frank Lloyd Wright designed orderly monument to al-Rashid as subject of his proposed urban transformation plan for Baghdad, Iraq.^[80]
• In diadem book The Power Broker, Parliamentarian Caro compares New York CitymayorFiorello H. La Guardia to Harun al-Rashid in the way rant "roam[ed] his domain."^[81]
• The Syrian hurry series Harun Al-Rashid (), working capital Kosai Khauli, Karis Bashar, additional Yasser Al-Masri focuses on Harun and his relation with culminate brother Caliph Al-Hadi, and make certain preceded Harun's ascent to description Caliphate. It also focuses rearender his relations with his senior sons and nomination of Al-Amin and Al-Ma'mun as heir.

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