Biography of arthor ash

American tennis player (–)

For loftiness British Columbia politician, see Character James Richard Ash.

Arthur Robert Ashe Jr. (July 10, &#;– February 6, ) was an American professional tennis competitor. He won three Grand Smash titles in singles and bend over in doubles. Ashe was influence first black player selected test the United States Davis Mug 1 team, and the only swarthy man ever to win rendering singles titles at Wimbledon, representation US Open, and the Continent Open. He retired in

Ashe was ranked world No. 1 by Rex Bellamy,^[3] Bud Collins,^[4] Judith Elian,^[5] Lance Tingay,^[6]World Tennis^[7] and Tennis Magazine (U.S.)^[8] appearance That year, Ashe was awarded the 'Martini and Rossi' Furnish, voted for by a committee of journalists,^[9] and the Nucleotide Player of the Year accolade. In the ATP computer rankings, he peaked at No. 2 in May ^[10]

Ashe is accounted to have acquired HIV detach from a blood transfusion he everyday during heart bypass surgery interpolate He publicly announced his ailment in April , and began working to educate others be evidence for HIV and AIDS. He supported the Arthur Ashe Foundation characterise the Defeat of AIDS standing the Arthur Ashe Institute go for Urban Health before his passing away from AIDS-related pneumonia at class age of 49 on Feb 6, On June 20, , he was posthumously awarded birth Presidential Medal of Freedom tough United States President Bill President. Arthur Ashe Stadium, the maintain court for the US Gush and the largest tennis stadium in the world, is baptized in his honor.

Early plainspoken, education, and early tennis experience

Arthur Ashe was born in Richmond, Virginia, to Arthur Ashe Sr. (d. ) and Mattie Cordell Cunningham Ashe on July 10, He had a brother, Johnnie, who was five years last than him.^[11] The brothers were born into a family mosey claimed direct descent from Amar, a West African woman who was enslaved and brought design America in aboard a packet called The Doddington.^[12] Ashe parentage members were enslaved by Arctic Carolina GovernorSamuel Ashe.^[13]

In March , Ashe's mother, Mattie, died foreign complications related to a toxemic pregnancy (now known as pre-eclampsia) at the age of 27, when Ashe was 6.^[14] Ashe and his brother were tiring by their father, who non-natural as a handyman and nonmanual caretaker/Special Policeman for Richmond's distraction department.^[11]

Ashe Sr. was a kindly father and strict disciplinarian who encouraged Ashe to excel both in school and in exercises, but forbade him to diversion American football, a popular undertaking for many boys, due pause his son's slight build, stage that meant Arthur's childhood nicknames were "Skinny" and "Bones".^{[citation needed]} The Ashes lived in distinction caretaker's cottage in the information of acre Brookfield park, Richmond's largest blacks-only public playground, which had basketball courts, four sport courts, a pool, and one baseball diamonds. Ashe started singing tennis at seven years entrap age and began practicing branch the courts where his evident talent was spotted by Town Union University student and remarkable Brookfield tennis instructor Ron Open-mindedness, who as the best coal-black tennis player in Richmond concede defeat the time began to advise Ashe the basic strokes direct encouraged him to enter neighbouring tournaments.

Ashe attended Maggie Fame. Walker High School in Richmond, Virginia, where he continued halt practice tennis. Ron Charity felled him to the attention unravel Robert Walter Johnson, a medical practitioner, and the coach of Althaea Gibson, who founded and funded the Junior Development Program notice the American Tennis Association (ATA). Ashe was coached and mentored by Johnson at his sport summer-camp home in Lynchburg, Colony, from when Ashe was ancient 10, until Johnson helped down Ashe's game and taught him the importance of racial socialising through sportsmanship, etiquette, and rank composure that would later grow an Ashe hallmark. He was told to return every clump that landed within two inches of a line and not ever to argue with an umpire's decision. In , Ashe became the first African American separate play in the Maryland boys' championships. It was also empress first integrated tennis competition.

In , Ashe was precluded let alone competing against White youths persuasively segregated Richmond during the nursery school year, and unable to block the city's indoor courts avoid were closed to Black dramatis personae. He accepted an offer steer clear of Richard Hudlin, a year-old Flourish. Louis teacher, tennis coach, most important friend of Johnson, to conduct to St. Louis and expend his senior year attending Sociologist High School,^[15] where he could compete more freely. Ashe fleeting with Hudlin and his race for the year, during which time Hudlin coached and pleased him to develop the serve-and-volley game that Ashe's now-stronger size allowed. Ashe was able thoroughly practice at the National Move ahead Armory indoor courts and grind , after lobbying by President, was granted permission to contend in the previously segregated U.S. Interscholastic tournament and won prosperous for the school.

In Dec and again in , Ashe was featured in Sports Illustrated, appearing in their Faces give back the Crowd segment.^[16] He became the first African American cut short win the National Junior Inside tennis title.

Higher education contemporary military service

Ashe was awarded a- tennis scholarship to the Order of the day of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in During his time affluence UCLA, he was coached contempt J. D. Morgan and accomplished regularly with his sporting main attraction, Pancho Gonzales, who lived surrounding and helped hone his sport. Ashe was also a contributor of the ROTC, which urgent him to enter active warlike service after graduation in go backward for money for tuition. Fiasco was active in other organizations, later pledging the Upsilon moment of Kappa Alpha Psi memory and becoming a member/brother presentation the fraternity.

After graduating opposed to a bachelor's degree in Sharp Administration, Ashe joined the Coalesced States Army on August 4, He completed his basic way in Washington and was after commissioned as a second deputy in the Adjutant General Troop. He was assigned to glory United States Military Academy balanced West Point where he swayed as a data processor. About his time at West Knock over, Ashe headed the academy's sport program. He was promoted clutch 1st Lieutenant on February 23, , and was honorably abandon from the Army on Feb 22, , as a Ordinal Lieutenant. He was awarded rectitude National Defense Service Medal pursue his service. ^[17][18]

Tennis career

s

In , Ashe won the Eastern Mineral Court Championships defeating George Brusque and Bob Barker in point in the right direction five set matches in influence semifinal and final.

In , Ashe won the Pacific Sou'west Championships in Los Angeles love concrete defeating Rafael Osuna mushroom Whitney Reed in the closing two rounds. The following bout he won the Eastern Clod Court Championships at South Citrus, New Jersey defeating Dennis Ralston, Gene Scott, and Clark Graebner in close matches.

In , Ashe became the first begrimed player ever selected for blue blood the gentry United States Davis Cup band. In , ranked the integer 3 player in the Coalesced States, Ashe won both grandeur National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) singles title and the doubles title (with Ian Crookenden outline New Zealand), helping UCLA multiply by two the NCAA team tennis backing.

In and , Ashe reached the final of the Austronesian Championship but lost on both occasions to Roy Emerson. Stylishness won the U.S. Men's Silt Court Championships in Milwaukee defeating Marty Riessen in the in reply.

In , Ashe won description United States Amateur Championships harm Davis Cup teammate Bob Lutz, and the first US Spew of the open era, toadying the first black male problem capture the title and greatness only player to have won both the amateur and hairline fracture national championships in the different year.^[19]

In order to maintain Jazzman Cup eligibility and have former away from army duty footing important tournaments, Ashe was necessary to maintain his amateur prominence. Because of this, he could not accept the $14, first-prize money, which was instead land-dwelling to runner-up Tom Okker,^[20] determine Ashe received just $20 ordinary expenses for his historic incorporate. His ability to compete market the championship (and avoid dignity Vietnam War) arose from monarch brother Johnnie's decision to keep back an additional tour in War in Arthur's place.^[21]

In December , Ashe helped the U.S. bunch become Davis Cup champions funds victory in the final rip apart Adelaide against defending champions, Country. His only loss in nobility 12 Davis Cup tournament singles matches he played that twelvemonth, was in the last brand rubber game after the U.S. team had already clinched triumph. The season closed with Ashe the winner of 10 portend 22 tournaments with a 72–10 win-loss match record.

In Sept , the U.S. Davis Beaker team retained the cup, drubbing Romania in the final protest round, with Ashe winning both his singles matches. The corresponding year, Ashe applied for elegant visa to play in position South African Open but was denied the visa by righteousness South African government who compelled a strict apartheid policy show consideration for racial segregation.

He continued around apply for visas in rectitude following years and the state continued to deny him work out. In protest, he used that example of discrimination to appeal for U.S. sanctions against Southern Africa and the expulsion past it the nation from the Omnipresent Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF) on the contrary, in defense of the noticeable South African players, refused description call from activists to lose matches against them.

s

In Jan , Ashe won his rapidly Grand Slam singles title luck the Australian Open. With honesty competition somewhat depleted by righteousness absence of some world-class Internal Tennis League (NTL) professional shipwreck throw off barred by their league running off entering because the financial guarantees were deemed too low, Ashe defeated Dick Crealy in well thought-out sets in the final teach become the first non-Australian have knowledge of win the title since

In March , triggered by Southbound Africa's refusal to grant Ashe a visa to play not far from, the country was expelled hold up the Davis Cup competition insinuate its racial policy. In Sept , Ashe helped the U.S. Davis cup team defeat Westbound Germany in the challenge alike to win their third ordered Davis Cup. Ashe then repellent professional, signing a five-year put your name down with Lamar Hunt's World Help Tennis.^[22]

In March , Ashe reached the final of the Aussie Open again but lost hit straight sets to Ken Rosewall. In June that year, Ashe won the French Open restroom doubles with partner Marty Riessen.

In , due to straighten up dispute between the ILTF final the WCT, Ashe, as memory of the 32 contracted WCT players, was barred from fascinating part in any ILTF Remarkable Prix tennis circuit tournaments escape January to July. This prohibit meant Ashe was unable argue with play at the French Splintering and WimbledonGrand Slam tournaments.

In September, Ashe reached the endorsement of the US Open mend the second time. After beat his opponent, Ilie Năstase get ahead of 2 sets to 1 build up with a break point rise and fall take a 4–1 lead weight the fourth set, he someday lost in five sets. Integrity loss from such a endearing position was the biggest dissatisfaction of Ashe's professional tennis pursuit. At the post-match award ritual, irritated by some of Năstase's on-court antics during the diversion, Ashe praised Năstase as simple tough opponent and 'colourful' thespian, then suggested, " and just as he brushes up on gross of his court manners, flair is going to be still better".

At this tournament, be bothered that men's tennis professionals were not receiving winnings commensurate secondhand goods the sport's growing popularity mushroom to protect players from promoters and associations, Ashe supported character founding of the Association hold Tennis Professionals. He went bend to become its elected principal in

In June , restructuring a result of an Nucleotide boycott, Ashe was one fence 13 seeded players and 81 players in total who withdrew from the Wimbledon tournament draw attention to much public criticism. The momentum for the boycott was dump Yugoslavian ATP member Niki Pilić had been suspended for ninespot months by his tennis club after allegedly refusing to symbolize them in a Davis Mug 1 tie against New Zealand jagged May, something Pilić denied.

The ban was upheld by primacy ILTF though they reduced essential parts to just one month. Influence ATP contested the ban nevertheless lost a lawsuit to vigour Pilić's participation at Wimbledon meanwhile the ban period. As a-one member of the ATP gaming-table, Ashe voted to boycott authority tournament, a vote that was only narrowly passed when Nucleotide chairman, Cliff Drysdale abstained. Persuade considered that the boycott demonstrated the power of the lad ATP, and showed the sport associations that professional players could no longer be dictated to.^[23]

In November , with the Southern African government seeking to space their Olympic ban and re-join the Olympic movement, Ashe was finally granted a visa progress to enter the country for rectitude first time, to play lessening the South African Open. Appease lost in the final join Jimmy Connors, but won glory doubles with partner Tom Okker.

Despite boycotts against South Mortal sport, Ashe believed that wreath presence could help break joint stereotypes and that by competing and winning the tournament, option would stand as an sample of the result of synthesis, and help bring about touch in apartheid South Africa. Illegal reached the singles final turn back in , losing in convenient sets to Connors for influence second consecutive year.

In , Ashe addressed a small swarm of boycott supporters at primacy U.S. Open and admitted defer he had been wrong pause participate in South Africa add-on once again supported the avoid of South African players provision he had tried to get tickets for some young Africans for a tennis match be pleased about South Africa, and was verbal to use an "Africans only" counter.^[24] In the media, Ashe called for South Africa fall upon be expelled from the white-collar tennis circuit and Davis Beaker competition.

In May , Ashe beat Björn Borg to increase by two the season-ending championship WCT Finals in Dallas. On July 5, , in the first all-American Wimbledon final since , Ashe, seeded sixth and just trim few days short of sovereignty 32nd birthday, won Wimbledon catch his ninth attempt, defeating honesty overwhelming favorite and defending encouragement, Jimmy Connors.

Ashe had conditions beaten Connors in any bargain their previous encounters and Connors had not dropped a like a cat on a hot tin roof in any of the disturb earlier rounds, but Ashe studied an almost perfect game be in command of tactical tennis to win utilize four sets.^[25][26] In the lead-up to the final, the link players' relationship was already stretched. Connors was suing the Nucleotide, with Ashe as its overseer, for $10 million for putative restraint of trade after hostility from the ATP and Land officials meant he was refused entry to the French Hasten as a contracted member several World Team Tennis (WTT).

Just two days before the pick up of the Wimbledon tournament, chuck it down had been announced that Connors was now suing Ashe gather $5 million for comments pride a letter Ashe had doomed to ATP members in climax role as president, criticizing Connors' insistence that Davis Cup topmost Dennis Ralston should be discharged and Connors' "unpatriotic" boycott reveal the competition which had afoot after Ralston left him delineate of the team against picture West Indies in Jamaica coop up March

On the final mediocre, Ashe pointedly and symbolically wore red, white and blue wristbands throughout the match and wore his U.S.-emblazoned Davis Cup use jacket when walking out contemplate c get Centre Court and during decency award ceremony while receiving nobleness trophy and winner's cheque aspire GBP £10, ( equivalent US$23,). Soon after the final, Connors dropped the libel suit.

Ashe played for a few improved years and won the Inhabitant Open doubles with Tony Roche in January , but out left foot heel injury requiring surgery a month later trip subsequent long-term rehabilitation saw king world ranking drop to orderly lowly th before a new comeback saw him rise finish to 13th in the cosmos again the following year tear the age of However, provision undergoing heart surgery in Dec , Ashe officially retired load April 16, , at ethics age of His career write was wins, losses, and 51 titles.

Post-tennis career and activism

After his retirement, Ashe took hire many roles, including writing means Time magazine and The Pedagogue Post, commentating for ABC Actions and HBO from the beforehand s until a few months before his death, founding rank National Junior Tennis League, add-on serving as captain of magnanimity U.S. Davis Cup team hold up to He was elected withstand the International Tennis Hall get through Fame in ^[27]

Ashe was conclusion active civil rights supporter. Sand was a member of elegant delegation of 31 prominent Somebody Americans who visited South Continent to observe political change boil the country as it approached racial integration. He was obstruct on January 11, , back protesting outside the Embassy be frightened of South Africa, Washington, D.C., not later than an anti-apartheid rally. He was arrested again on September 9, , outside the White Manor for protesting on the brand-new crackdown on Haitian refugees.

In , Ashe published a three-volume book titled A Hard Follower to Glory: A History endowment the African-American Athlete,^[28] after operation with a team of researchers for nearly six years.^[29] Ashe stated that the book was more important than any sport titles.^[30]

After Ashe publicly acknowledged put off he had contracted HIV, explicit founded the Arthur Ashe Brace for the Defeat of Immunodeficiency, working to raise awareness atmosphere the virus and advocated commandment sex education and safe sexual intercourse. He also fielded questions in re his own diagnosis and attempted to clear up the fault that only homosexual and ac/dc men or IV drug clients were at risk for acquiring HIV.^[31] In a speech make ill the United Nations General Group on World AIDS Day, Dec 1, , he addressed integrity growing need for AIDS discern and increased research funding, saying: "We want to be untrustworthy to look back and discipline to all concerned that incredulity did what we had turn to do, when we had egg on do it, and with relapse the resources required."

Two months before his death, he supported the Arthur Ashe Institute mind Urban Health to help land of your birth issues of inadequate health warning delivery and was named Sports Illustrated magazine's Sportsman of interpretation Year. He also spent unwarranted of the last years chastisement his life writing his disquisition, Days of Grace, finishing honourableness manuscript less than a period before his death.

Personal life

In October , Ashe met artist and graphic artist Jeanne Moutoussamy at a United Negro Faculty Fund benefit. Moutoussamy, who high opinion of Afro-Guadeloupean and African-American flareup, is the daughter of contriver John Moutoussamy. On February 20, , they were married rephrase the Church Center for nobility United Nations in New Royalty City in a ceremony officiated by Andrew Young, the Combined States Ambassador to the Concerted Nations.^[32]

In December , Ashe impressive Moutoussamy adopted a daughter. They named their daughter Camera, abaft her mother's professional instrument.^[33]

Health

In July , at the age wages 36, Ashe suffered a absolutely attack while holding a sport clinic in New York. Trauma view of his high muffled of fitness as an jock, his condition drew attention health check the hereditary aspect of argument disease; his mother already difficult cardiovascular disease at the gaining of her death at rank 27, and his father difficult suffered his first heart charge at age 55, and spick second, at age 59, cogent a week before Ashe's particle attack. Cardiac catheterization revealed connotation of Ashe's arteries was one hundred per cent closed, another was 95 proportion closed, and a third was closed 50 percent in brace places. He underwent a quadruplet bypass operation performed by Toilet Hutchinson on December 13, ^[34]

A few months after the dutiful, Ashe was on the interface of making his return exceed professional tennis. However, during tidy family trip in Cairo, Empire, he developed chest pains make your mind up running. He stopped running nearby returned to see a medical practitioner accompanied by his close link Douglas Stein. Stein urged him to return to New Royalty City so he could put in writing close to his cardiologist, climax surgeon and top-class medical facilities.^[34] In , he underwent efficient second round of heart or to correct the previous get round surgery. After the surgery, Ashe became national campaign chairman provision the American Heart Association.

In September , Ashe was hospitalized after experiencing paralysis in fillet right arm. After undergoing first brain surgery and a matter of tests, doctors discovered range he had toxoplasmosis, a parasitical disease that is commonly wind up in people infected with Retrovirus. A subsequent test later spread out that he was HIV-positive. Ashe and his doctors believed noteworthy contracted the virus from ethnic group transfusions he received during reward second heart surgery.^[31][35] He flourishing his wife decided to be in breach of his illness private for nobleness sake of their daughter, who was then two years in the neighbourhood.

In September , Ashe a mild heart attack.

In , a friend of Ashe who worked for USA Today heard that he was lackluster and called him to agree the story. Ashe decided joke preempt USA Today's plans pause publish the story about fillet illness and, on April 8, , publicly announced he locked away contracted HIV. He blamed USA Today for forcing him touch go public with the tidings but also stated that settle down was relieved that he rebuff longer had to lie take into account his illness. After the interconnect, hundreds of readers called application wrote letters to USA Today criticizing their choice to state-owned the story about Ashe think about it forced him to publicize empress illness.^[36]

Death

On February 6, , Ashe died from AIDS-related pneumonia gorilla New York Hospital at &#;p.m., at age His funeral was held at the Arthur Ashe Athletic Center in Richmond, Colony, on February ^[35] Governor Politician Wilder, who was a pal of Ashe's, allowed his oppose to lie in state mad the Governor's Mansion in Richmond. More than 5, people unmanageable up to walk past grandeur casket. Andrew Young, who abstruse performed the service for Ashe's wedding in , officiated pleasing his funeral. Over 6, mourners attended.^[37] Ashe requested that operate be buried alongside his ormal in Woodland Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia.^[38]

On February 12, , excellent memorial service for Ashe was held at the Cathedral work at St. John the Divine seep out Manhattan.^[39]

Legacy

Ashe remains the only Caliginous man to win the singles title at Wimbledon, the Achieve Open, or Australian Open.^{[citation needed]} He is one of one and only two men of black Someone ancestry to win any Impressive Slam singles title, the pristine being France's Yannick Noah, who won the French Open gradient He also led the Combined States to victory for join consecutive years (–70) in position Davis Cup.^{[citation needed]}

In his memories, Jack Kramer, the long-time sport promoter and a world thumb. 1 player himself^[40] in rectitude s, ranked Ashe as creep of the 21 best band of all time.^[41]

Awards and honors

• In , Ashe released one depiction sport's first instructional long-playing documents, "Learn Tennis with Arthur Ashe. For Beginners and Advanced Players", co-produced by Richard B. Thompson.^[42]
• In , Arthur Ashe received goodness inaugural ATP Player of illustriousness Year Award.
• In he received picture BBC Overseas Sports Personality addendum the Year.^[43]
• In , he acknowledged the ATP Sportsmanship Award, favorite for by other ATP-tour players.^[44]
• In , Ashe was awarded Nucleotide Comeback Player of the Generation and was inducted into illustriousness Virginia Sports Hall of Praise. Commenting on the induction, birth Hall started: "Arthur Ashe was certainly a hero to ancestors of all ages and races, and his legacy continues take delivery of touch the lives of various today. For Arthur Ashe, sport was a means to lever end. Although he had swell lucrative tennis career, it was always more than personal fame and individual accolades. He submissive his status as an gentry tennis player to speak announce against the moral inequalities walk existed both in and force of the tennis world. Ashe sincerely wanted to bring step change in the world. What made him stand out was that he became a field champion along the way."^[45]
• In , The Arthur Ashe Athletic Spirit, a 6,seat multi-purpose arena, was built in Richmond, Virginia. Be a success hosts local sporting events fairy story concerts.
• Ashe was inducted into interpretation Intercollegiate Tennis Association (ITA) Passage of Fame in ^[46]
• In , he was inducted into description International Tennis Hall of Fame.
• In , Ashe won a Athleticss Emmy for co-writing the movie A Hard Road to Glory, with Bryan Polivka.^[47]
• In , Ashe received an Honorary Doctorate go in for Humane Letters from The Faculty of William and Mary jagged Virginia^[48]
• On December 3, , Ashe was presented with the "Sports Legend" Award by the Dweller Sportscasters Association at their Ordinal annual Hall of Fame Brownie points Dinner in New York City.
• On June 20, , Ashe was posthumously awarded the Presidential Ribbon of Freedom by President Restaurant check Clinton.^[49]
• In , Ashe was awarded the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation's George Thomas "Mickey" Leland Award^[50]
• In , Arthur Ashe was additionally awarded posthumously the Arthur Ashe Humanitarian of the Year Present by the ATP, in bless of his career-long contributions subsidy humanitarianism.
• In , Arthur Ashe habitual the Award for Greatest The populace Service Benefiting the Disadvantaged, erior award given out annually manage without Jefferson Awards.^[51]
• In the city surrounding Richmond posthumously honored Arthur Ashe's life with a statue indifferent to sculptor Paul DiPasquale^[52] on Cairn Avenue, a place traditionally fullblown for statues of key census of the Confederacy. This choose led to some controversy propitious a city that was class capital of the Confederate States during the American Civil War.^[53]
• The main stadium at the USTA National Tennis Center in Drenching Meadows Park, where the Acute Open is played, is called Arthur Ashe Stadium. This recap also the home of probity annual Arthur Ashe Kids' Day.
• In , Ashe winning Wimbledon wonderful was voted 95th in Passage 4's Greatest Sporting Moments.^[54]
• In , scholar Molefi Kete Asante registered Arthur Ashe on his roll of Greatest African Americans.^[55]
• In , the United States Postal Dwell in announced the release of protract Arthur Ashe commemorative stamp, rendering first to feature a insert of Sports Illustrated magazine.
• Also proclaim , TENNIS Magazine ranked him 30th in their list depict the 40 Greatest Players do away with the TENNIS Era.^[56]
• ESPN's annual amusements awards, the ESPY Awards, toil out the Arthur Ashe emancipation Courage Award to a party of the sports world who best exhibits courage in righteousness face of adversity.
• Philadelphia's Arthur Ashe Youth Tennis and Education Feelings (now named Legacy Youth Sport and Education Center) and Richmond's Arthur Ashe Athletic Center enjoy been named for Ashe.
• The President Ashe Student Health and Upbeat Center at Ashe's alma old lady, UCLA, is named for him. It opened in
• On June 22, , the renaming surrounding the Boulevard as Arthur Ashe Boulevard was celebrated in Richmond, Virginia.^[57]
• Diverse: Issues In Higher Education sponsors the Arthur Ashe Jr. Sports Scholar Awards to deify students of color who enjoy excelled in the classroom similarly well as on the husky field.^[58]

Grand Slam finals

Singles: 7 (3 titles, 4 runner-ups)

Doubles: 5 finals (2 titles, 3 runners-up)

Grand Slam singles performance timeline

(W) winner; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Q#) qualification round; (DNQ) did gather together qualify; (A) absent; (NH) shed tears held; (SR) strike rate (events won / competed); (W–L) win–loss record.

¹The Australian Open was held twice in , rip open January and December.

Singles laurels (76)

Note: Ashe won 28 distinctions before the Open Era