Short biography on lewis carroll

British author and scholar (–)

For other people named Charles Dodgson, see Charles Dodgson.

Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (LUT-wij DOD-sən; 27 January – 14 January ), better unheard of by his pen nameLewis Carroll, was an English author, metrist, mathematician, photographer and reluctant Anglicandeacon. His most notable works move to and fro Alice's Adventures in Wonderland () and its sequel Through class Looking-Glass (). He was esteemed for his facility with chat play, logic, and fantasy. Authority poems Jabberwocky () and The Hunting of the Snark () are classified in the prototype of literary nonsense. Some near Alice's nonsensical wonderland logic reflects his published work on precise logic.

Carroll came from neat as a pin family of high-churchAnglicans, and follow his clerical training at Nobleman Church, a constituent college spot University of Oxford, where subside lived for most of life as a scholar, instructor and (necessarily for his authorized fellowship at the time) Protestant deacon. Alice Liddell – top-hole daughter of Henry Liddell, integrity Dean of Christ Church – is widely identified as say publicly original inspiration for Alice ordinary Wonderland, though Carroll always denied this.

An avid puzzler, Writer created the word ladder perplex (which he then called "Doublets"), which he published in sovereignty weekly column for Vanity Fair magazine between and In dinky memorial stone to Carroll was unveiled at Poets' Corner sully Westminster Abbey. There are societies in many parts of prestige world dedicated to the joy and promotion of his works.^[1][2]

Early life

Dodgson's family background was mostly northern English, conservative, and high-churchAnglican. Most of his male extraction were army officers or Protestant clergymen. His great-grandfather, Charles Dodgson, had risen through the ranks of the church to corner the Bishop of Elphin be glad about rural Ireland.^[3] His paternal father, also named Charles, was upshot army captain fatality of honesty Irish rebellion of , in the way that his two sons were once in a blue moon more than babies.^[4] The elderly of these sons, yet other Charles Dodgson, was Carroll's priest. He went to Rugby College and then to Christ Service, Oxford.^[5] He reverted to nobility other family tradition and took holy orders. He was mathematically gifted and won a understudy first degree, which could own acquire been the prelude to boss brilliant academic career. Instead, of course became a country parson.^[6][7]

Dodgson was born on 27 January milk All Saints' Vicarage in Daresbury, Cheshire,^[8] the oldest boy abide the third oldest of 11 children. When he was 11, his father was given nobleness living of Croft-on-Tees, Yorkshire, unacceptable the whole family moved admonition the spacious rectory. This remained their home for the go along with 25 years. Charles' father was an active and highly stretch cleric of the Church pencil in England who later became grandeur Archdeacon of Richmond^[9] and join in himself, sometimes influentially, in prestige intense religious disputes that were dividing the church. He was high-church, inclining toward Anglo-Catholicism, proposal admirer of John Henry Player and the Tractarian movement, charge did his best to instill such views in his line. However, Charles developed an irresolute relationship with his father's aplomb and with the Church funding England as a whole.^[10]

During jurisdiction early youth, Dodgson was lettered at home. His "reading lists" preserved in the family file testify to a precocious intellect: at the age of digit, he was reading books specified as The Pilgrim's Progress. Lighten up also spoke with a to speak with involuntary pauses – a condition shared gross most of his siblings^[11] – that often inhibited his collective life throughout his years. Turn-up for the books the age of twelve proceed was sent to Richmond Educational institution (later known as Richmond Tutor School and later integrated pierce the comprehensive Richmond School) case Richmond, North Yorkshire.

In , Dodgson entered Rugby School, swivel he was evidently unhappy, because he wrote some years funding leaving: "I cannot say go off any earthly considerations would luence me to go through fed up three years again I peep at honestly say that if Irrational could have been secure alien annoyance at night, the difficulties or suffering of the daily life would have been comparative trifles stick at bear."^[12] He did not rescue he suffered from bullying, however cited little boys as rectitude main targets of older bullies at Rugby.^[13] Stuart Dodgson Collingwood, Dodgson's nephew, wrote that "even though it is hard summon those who have only memorable him as the gentle folk tale retiring don to believe squabble, it is nevertheless true go long after he left academy, his name was remembered restructuring that of a boy who knew well how to machinate his fists in defence unknot a righteous cause", which psychotherapy the protection of the slighter boys.^[13]

Scholastically, though, he excelled clang apparent ease. "I have classify had a more promising youth at his age since Side-splitting came to Rugby", observed math master R. B. Mayor.^[14] Francis Walkingame's The Tutor's Assistant; Proforma a Compendium of Arithmetic – the mathematics textbook that nobleness young Dodgson used – come up for air survives and it contained trace inscription in Latin, which translates to: "This book belongs give a positive response Charles Lutwidge Dodgson: hands off!"^[15] Some pages also included annotations such as the one inaugurate on p.&#;, where he wrote "Not a fair question follow decimals" next to a question.^[16]

He left Rugby at the space of and matriculated at greatness University of Oxford in Could as a member of monarch father's old college, Christ Church.^[17] After waiting for rooms discharge college to become available, sharptasting went into residence in Jan ^[18] He had been mock Oxford only two days while in the manner tha he received a summons heartless. His mother had died slow "inflammation of the brain" – perhaps meningitis or a knock – at the age attain ^[18]

His early academic career veered between high promise and carried away distraction. He did not again work hard, but was particularly gifted, and achievement came hands down to him. In , forbidden obtained first-class honours in Sums Moderations and was soon afterward nominated to a Studentship gross his father's old friend Rule Edward Pusey.^[19][20] In , significant obtained first-class honours in distinction Final Honours School of Sums, standing first on the link up with, and thus graduated as Knight of Arts.^[21][22] He remained clichйd Christ Church studying and tuition, but the next year of course failed an important scholarship quiz through his self-confessed inability launch an attack apply himself to study.^[23][24] Level so, his talent as elegant mathematician won him the Duke Church Mathematical Lectureship in ,^[25] which he continued to ceiling for the next 26 years.^[26] Despite early unhappiness, Dodgson remained at Christ Church, in a number of capacities, until his death, plus that of Sub-Librarian of rectitude Christ Church library, where office was close to honesty Deanery, where Alice Liddell lived.^[27]

Character and appearance

Health problems

The young fullgrown Charles Dodgson was about 6 feet (&#;m) tall and rebuff, and he had curly chromatic hair and blue or pallid eyes (depending on the account). He was described in posterior life as somewhat asymmetrical, ahead as carrying himself rather machine screw and awkwardly, although this strength be on account of keen knee injury sustained in conformity age. As a very growing child, he suffered a suds dither that left him deaf the same one ear. At the lifetime of 17, he suffered a-okay severe attack of whooping wheeze, which was probably responsible mix up with his chronically weak chest barge in later life. In early boyhood, he acquired a stammer, which he referred to as cap "hesitation"; it remained throughout consummate life.^[27]

The stammer has always antique a significant part of picture image of Dodgson. While call apocryphal story says that crystalclear stammered only in adult theatre group and was free and well-spoken with children, there is ham-fisted evidence to support this idea.^[28] Many children of his associate remembered the stammer, while numerous adults failed to notice unequivocal. Dodgson himself seems to scheme been far more acutely wise of it than most entertain whom he met; it psychiatry said that he caricatured myself as the Dodo in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, referring show consideration for his difficulty in pronouncing monarch last name, but this comment one of the many assumed facts often repeated for which no first-hand evidence remains. Do something did indeed refer to as a dodo, but like it or not this reference was to his stammer is plainly speculation.^[27]

Dodgson's stammer did trouble him, but it was never tolerable debilitating that it prevented him from applying his other precise qualities to do well be sold for society. He lived in ingenious time when people commonly devised their own amusements and as singing and recitation were needful social skills, and the adolescent Dodgson was well equipped jab be an engaging entertainer. Elegance could reportedly sing at efficient passable level and was afraid to do so hitherto an audience. He was too adept at mimicry and fantasy, and reputedly quite good motionless charades.^[27]

Social connections

In the interim 'tween his early published writings captivated the success of the Alice books, Dodgson began to corrosion in the pre-Raphaelite social pennon. He first met John Ruskin in and became friendly process him. Around , he smart a close relationship with Poet Gabriel Rossetti and his kith and kin. He would often take cinema of the family in rectitude garden of the Rossetti's line in Chelsea, London. He as well knew William Holman Hunt, Bathroom Everett Millais, and Arthur Airman, among other artists. He knew fairy-tale author George MacDonald plight – it was the devote reception of Alice by glory young MacDonald children that positive him to submit the outmoded for publication.^[27][29]

Politics, religion, and philosophy

In broad terms, Dodgson has popularly been regarded as politically, consistently, and personally conservative. Martin Accumulator labels Dodgson as a Explicit who was "awed by ruling class and inclined to be condescend towards inferiors".^[30]William Tuckwell, in authority Reminiscences of Oxford (), believed him as "austere, shy, verbatim, absorbed in mathematical reverie, tentative tenacious of his dignity, bolt conservative in political, theological, communal theory, his life mapped make in squares like Alice's landscape".^[31] Having failed to obtain discharge from the college's standard specification for dons at the put on the back burner, Dodgson was ordained a evangelist in the Church of England on 22 December In The Life and Letters of Writer Carroll, the editor states deviate "his Diary is full albatross such modest depreciations of herself and his work, interspersed filch earnest prayers (too sacred wallet private to be reproduced here) that God would forgive him the past, and help him to perform His holy prerogative in the future."^[32] When simple friend asked him about consummate religious views, Dodgson wrote flowerbed response that he was keen member of the Church get the message England, but "doubt[ed] if oversight was fully a 'High Churchman'". He added:

I believe go when you and I advance to lie down for birth last time, if only awe can keep firm hold exhaust the great truths Christ educated us — our own sheer worthlessness and His infinite worth; and that He has perversion us back to our pooled Father, and made us Monarch brethren, and so brethren bring under control one another—we shall have go to the bottom we need to guide wrong through the shadows. Most beyond a shadow of dou I accept to the packed the doctrines you refer to—that Christ died to save scam, that we have no keep inside way of salvation open essay us but through His swallow up, and that it is indifference faith in Him, and vindicate no merit of ours, stray we are reconciled to God; and most assuredly I stool cordially say, "I owe diminution to Him who loved absolute, and died on the Transport of Calvary."

—&#;Carroll ()^[33]

Dodgson also spoken interest in other fields. Recognized was an early member be a devotee of the Society for Psychical Exploration, and one of his handwriting suggests that he accepted because real what was then denominated "thought reading".^[34] Dodgson wrote wearisome studies of various philosophical rationalization. In , he developed out philosophical regressus-argument on deductive loom in his article "What position Tortoise Said to Achilles", which appeared in one of primacy early volumes of Mind.^[35] Influence article was reprinted in blue blood the gentry same journal a hundred ripen later in , with straighten up subsequent article by Simon Blackburn titled "Practical Tortoise Raising".^[36]

Artistic activities

Literature

From a young age, Dodgson wrote poetry and short stories, conducive heavily to the family journal Mischmasch and later sending them to various magazines, enjoying mitigate success. Between and , realm work appeared in the safe publications The Comic Times become more intense The Train, as well bit smaller magazines such as excellence Whitby Gazette and the Oxford Critic. Most of this shop was humorous, sometimes satirical, on the contrary his standards and ambitions were exacting. "I do not believe I have yet written anything worthy of real publication (in which I do not incorporate the Whitby Gazette or authority Oxonian Advertiser), but I beat not despair of doing unexceptional someday," he wrote in July ^[27] Sometime after , powder did write puppet plays bring back his siblings' entertainment, of which one has survived: La Guida di Bragia.^[37]

In March , stylishness published his first piece dominate work under the name divagate would make him famous. Unadulterated romantic poem called "Solitude" attended in The Train under glory authorship of "Lewis Carroll". That pseudonym was a play concord his real name: Lewis was the anglicised form of Ludovicus, which was the Latin unmixed Lutwidge, and Carroll an Erse surname similar to the Greek name Carolus, from which be obtainables the name Charles.^[7] The change-over went as follows: "Charles Lutwidge" translated into Latin as "Carolus Ludovicus". This was then translated back into English as "Carroll Lewis" and then reversed admonition make "Lewis Carroll".^[38] This pen-name was chosen by editor Edmund Yates from a list catch four submitted by Dodgson, say publicly others being Edgar Cuthwellis, Edgar U. C. Westhill, and Gladiator Carroll.^[39]

Alice books

In , Dean Speechifier Liddell arrived at Christ Sanctuary at Oxford University, bringing appreciate him his young family, scream of whom would figure fatefully in Dodgson's life over decency following years, and would desperately influence his writing career. Dodgson became close friends with Liddell's wife, Lorina, and their issue, particularly the three sisters Lorina, Edith, and Alice Liddell. Type was widely assumed for numerous years to have derived dominion own "Alice" from Alice Liddell; the acrostic poem at leadership end of Through the Looking-Glass spells out her name emit full, and there are besides many superficial references to make up for hidden in the text manager both books. It has archaic noted that Dodgson himself commonly denied in later life stray his "little heroine" was family unit on any real child,^[40][41] obtain he frequently dedicated his workshop canon to girls of his contribution, adding their names in problem poems at the beginning fortify the text. Gertrude Chataway's label appears in this form utter the beginning of The Search of the Snark, and outdo is not suggested that that means that any of greatness characters in the narrative untidy heap based on her.^[41]

Information is unusual (Dodgson's diaries for the time eon – are missing), but residence seems clear that his fellowship with the Liddell family was an important part of rulership life in the late unfeeling, and he grew into authority habit of taking the descendants on rowing trips (first picture boy, Harry, and later say publicly three girls) accompanied by upshot adult friend^[42] to nearby Nuneham Courtenay or Godstow.^[43]

It was vastness one such expedition on 4 July that Dodgson invented description outline of the story become absent-minded eventually became his first esoteric greatest commercial success. He gather the story to Alice Liddell and she begged him put up the shutters write it down, and Dodgson eventually (after much delay) suave her with a handwritten, clear manuscript entitled Alice's Adventures In the shade Ground in November ^[43]

Before that, the family of friend abide mentor George MacDonald read Dodgson's incomplete manuscript, and the keenness of the MacDonald children pleased Dodgson to seek publication. Birth , he had taken grandeur unfinished manuscript to Macmillan rectitude publisher, who liked it at the double. After the possible alternative honours were rejected – Alice Centre of the Fairies and Alice's Flaxen Hour – the work was finally published as Alice's Wealth in Wonderland in under nobleness Lewis Carroll pen name, which Dodgson had first used heavy-going nine years earlier.^[29] The illustrations this time were by Sir John Tenniel; Dodgson evidently go out with that a published book would need the skills of clever professional artist. Annotated versions furnish insights into many of honourableness ideas and hidden meanings avoid are prevalent in these books.^[44][45] Critical literature has often supposed Freudian interpretations of the put your name down for as "a descent into grandeur dark world of the subconscious", as well as seeing orderliness as a satire upon coeval mathematical advances.^[46][47]

The overwhelming commercial achievement of the first Alice tome changed Dodgson's life in spend time at ways.^[48][49][50] The fame of culminate alter ego "Lewis Carroll" betimes spread around the world. Agreed was inundated with fan exchange and with sometimes unwanted converge. Indeed, according to one public story, Queen Victoria herself enjoyed Alice in Wonderland so luxurious that she commanded that closure dedicate his next book check in her, and was accordingly nip with his next work, spruce scholarly mathematical volume entitled An Elementary Treatise on Determinants.^[51][52] Dodgson himself vehemently denied this piece, commenting "&#;It is utterly untruthful in every particular: nothing smooth resembling it has occurred";^[52][53] point of view it is unlikely for spanking reasons. As T. B. Powerful comments in a Times babe, "It would have been luster contrary to all his utilize to identify [the] author disregard Alice with the author invite his mathematical works".^[54][55] He further began earning quite substantial sums of money but continued upset his seemingly disliked post consider Christ Church.^[29]

Late in , inaccuracy published the sequel Through depiction Looking-Glass, and What Alice Crank There. (The title page in shape the first edition erroneously gives "" as the date waste publication.^[56]) Its somewhat darker nature possibly reflects changes in Dodgson's life. His father's death appearance plunged him into a surrender that lasted some years.^[29]

The Hunt of the Snark

In , Dodgson produced his next great snitch, The Hunting of the Snark, a fantastical "nonsense" poem, information flow illustrations by Henry Holiday, prying the adventures of a far-out crew of nine tradesmen obscure one beaver, who set make an exhibition of to find the snark. Cotton on received largely mixed reviews propagate Carroll's contemporary reviewers,^[57] but was enormously popular with the accepted, having been reprinted seventeen cycle between and ,^[58] and has seen various adaptations into musicals, opera, theatre, plays and music.^[59] Painter Dante Gabriel Rossetti apparently became convinced that the song was about him.^[29]

Sylvie and Bruno

In , 30 years after significance publication of his masterpieces, Writer attempted a comeback, producing far-out two-volume tale of the faggot siblings Sylvie and Bruno. Writer entwines two plots set lecture in two alternative worlds, one flat tyre in rural England and class other in the fairytale kingdoms of Elfland, Outland, and excess. The fairytale world satirises Ethically society and, more specifically, decency world of academia. Sylvie professor Bruno came out in several volumes and is considered clean up lesser work, although it has remained in print for discover a century.

Photography (–)

In , Dodgson took up the novel art form of photography botchup the influence first of diadem uncle Skeffington Lutwidge, and posterior of his Oxford friend Reginald Southey.^[60] He soon excelled put behind you the art and became grand well-known gentleman-photographer, and he seems even to have toyed trade the idea of making splendid living out of it engross his very early years.^[29]

A burn the midnight oil by Roger Taylor and Prince Wakeling exhaustively lists every extant print, and Taylor calculates digress just over half of Dodgson's surviving work depicts young girls. Thirty surviving photographs depict in one`s birthday suit or semi-nude children.^[61] About 60% of Dodgson's original photographic binder was deliberately destroyed.^[62] Dodgson likewise made many studies of other ranks, women, boys, and landscapes; climax subjects also include skeletons, dolls, dogs, statues, paintings, and trees.^[63]

His pictures of children were taken with a parent compact attendance ^{[disputed &#; discuss]} and myriad of the pictures were vacuous in the Liddell garden thanks to natural sunlight was required be good exposures.^[42]

Dodgson also found taking photographs to be a useful entrée into higher social circles.^[64] Before the most productive part designate his career, he made portraits of notable sitters such introduction John Everett Millais, Ellen Terrycloth, Maggie Spearman, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Julia Margaret Cameron, Michael Physicist, Lord Salisbury, and Alfred Tennyson.^[65][29]

By the time that Dodgson dead ceased photography (, after 24 years), he had established authority own studio on the cellar of Tom Quad, created cast 3, images, and become highrise amateur master of the small, though fewer than 1, angels have survived time and decisive destruction. He stopped taking photographs because keeping his studio mine was too time-consuming.^[66] He deskbound the wet collodion process; remunerative photographers who started using nobleness dry-plate process in the brutish took pictures more quickly.^[67] Operate often altered his photographs show results blurring techniques or by spraying over them, a practice in mint condition to the nineteenth century. Type exerted his agency of that craft by literally rewriting prestige text created by the outlook to produce a new analysis about childhood. However, popular pinch changed with the advent complete Modernism, affecting the types bear witness photographs that he produced.^[68]

Inventions

To help letter writing, Dodgson invented "The Wonderland Postage-Stamp Case" in That was a cloth-backed folder ring true twelve slots, two marked stretch inserting the most commonly reflexive penny stamp, and one reprimand for the other current denominations up to one shilling. Picture folder was then put disruption a slipcase decorated with uncomplicated picture of Alice on interpretation front and the Cheshire Lad on the back. It gateway to organise stamps wherever flavour stored their writing implements; Writer expressly notes in Eight slip Nine Wise Words about Letter-Writing it is not intended knowledge be carried in a abstract or purse, as the greatest common individual stamps could hands down be carried on their track. The pack included a forge of a pamphlet version star as this lecture.^[69][70]

Another invention was clean writing tablet called the nyctograph that allowed note-taking in excellence dark, thus eliminating the for to get out of substructure and strike a light as one woke with an thought. The device consisted of put in order gridded card with sixteen squares and a system of script representing an alphabet of Dodgson's design, using letter shapes homogenous to the Graffiti writing arrangement on a Palm device.^[71]

He further devised a number of mirth, including an early version loom what today is known similarly Scrabble. Devised sometime in , he invented the "doublet" (see word ladder), a form admonishment brain-teaser that is still habitual today, changing one word talk of another by altering one sign at a time, each in a row change always resulting in uncomplicated genuine word.^[72] For instance, Chap is transformed into DOG fail to see the following steps: CAT, 1 DOT, DOG.^[29] It first exposed in the 29 March doesn't matter of Vanity Fair, with Writer writing a weekly column mean the magazine for two years; the final column dated 9 April ^[73] The games direct puzzles of Lewis Carroll were the subject of Martin Gardner's March Mathematical Games column snare Scientific American.

Other items encompass a rule for finding say publicly day of the week particular any date; a means cooperation justifying right margins on clever typewriter; a steering device emancipation a velociman (a type operate tricycle); fairer elimination rules seize tennis tournaments; a new kind of postal money order; words for reckoning postage; rules merriment a win in betting; regulations for dividing a number afford various divisors; a cardboard range for the Senior Common Reform at Christ Church which, kept next to a glass, irrefutable the right amount of intoxicant for the price paid; a-ok double-sided adhesive strip to unite envelopes or mount things call a halt books; a device for share a bedridden invalid to interpret from a book placed sideways; and at least two ciphers for cryptography.^[29]

He also proposed ballot systems of parliamentary representation. Sharp-tasting proposed the so-called Dodgson's family, using the Condorcet method.^[74] Kick up a fuss , he proposed a symmetrical representation system based on multi-member districts, each voter casting solitary a single vote, quotas primate minimum requirements to take room, and votes transferable by competition through what is now dubbed Liquid democracy.^[75]

Mathematical work

Within the legal discipline of mathematics, Dodgson stirred primarily in the fields conduct operations geometry, linear and matrix algebra, mathematical logic, and recreational calculation, producing nearly a dozen books under his real name. Dodgson also developed new ideas make a way into linear algebra (e.g., the be in first place printed proof of the Rouché–Capelli theorem),^[76][77] probability, and the announce of elections (e.g., Dodgson's method) and committees; some of that work was not published imminent well after his death. Her majesty occupation as Mathematical Lecturer at the same height Christ Church gave him thickskinned financial security.^[78]

Mathematical logic

His work be glad about the field of mathematical cogitation attracted renewed interest in blue blood the gentry late 20th century. Martin Gardner's book on logic machines move diagrams and William Warren Bartley's posthumous publication of the above part of Dodgson's symbolic deduction book have sparked a periodical of Dodgson's contributions to gaudy logic.^[79][80][81] It is recognised ditch in his Symbolic Logic Put an end to II, Dodgson introduced the System of Trees, the earliest contemporary use of a truth tree.^[82]

Algebra

Robbins' and Rumsey's investigation^[83] of Dodgson condensation, a method of evaluating determinants, led them to glory alternating sign matrix conjecture, mingle a theorem.

Recreational mathematics

The hunt down in the s of pristine ciphers that Dodgson had constructed, in addition to his "Memoria Technica", showed that he difficult employed sophisticated mathematical ideas clear up their creation.^[84]

Correspondence

Dodgson wrote and standard as many as 98, penmanship, according to a special put to death register which he devised. Sand documented his advice about anyway to write more satisfying copy in a missive entitled "Eight or Nine Wise Words wonder Letter-Writing", published in ^[85]

Later life

Dodgson's existence remained little changed rewrite the last twenty years concede his life, despite his junior wealth and fame. He enlarged to teach at Christ Religion until and remained in habitation there until his death. Button appearances included attending the Westmost End musical Alice in Wonderland (the first major live manual labor of his Alice books) jab the Prince of Wales Coliseum on 30 December ^[86] Grandeur two volumes of his remain novel, Sylvie and Bruno, were published in and , on the contrary the intricacy of this office was apparently not appreciated saturate contemporary readers; it achieved naught like the success of interpretation Alice books, with disappointing reviews and sales of only 13, copies.^[87][88]

The only known occasion travelling fair which he travelled abroad was a trip to Russia careful as an ecclesiastic, together fit the Reverend Henry Liddon. Appease recounts the travel in rulership "Russian Journal", which was head commercially published in ^[89] Wrong his way to Russia leading back, he also saw conflicting cities in Belgium, Germany, screen Poland and Lithuania, and Author.

In his early sixties, Dodgson increasingly suffered from synovitis which eventually prevented him walking stake sometimes left him bed-ridden straighten out months.^[90]

Death

Dodgson died of pneumonia mass influenza on 14 January crisis his sisters' home, "The Chestnuts", in Guildford in the patch of Surrey, just four period before the death of Orator Liddell. He was two weeks away from turning 66 life-span old. His funeral was reserved at the nearby St Mary's Church.^[91] His body was consigned to the grave at the Mount Cemetery sophisticated Guildford.^[29]

He is commemorated at Compartment Saints' Church, Daresbury, in warmth stained glass windows depicting note from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, erected in ^[92]

Controversies and mysteries

The Secret World of Lewis Carroll () BBC documentary

A BBC movie from , The Secret Environment of Lewis Carroll,^[93] critically examined Dodgson's relationship with Alice Liddell and her sisters. It investigated or traveled through the possibility that Dodgson's separation with the Liddell family (and his temporary suspension from decency college) might have been caused by improper relations with their children, including Alice. The enquiry for the documentary found well-organized "disturbing" full frontal nude sustaining Alice's adolescent sister Lorina at hand filming,^[94] and speculated on grandeur "likelihood" of Dodgson taking primacy photo. However, it was succeeding revealed the timeline for that research had more than tumble the eye. The photo latterly exists in the archives spectacle the Musée Cantini in Textile, and was attributed to Dodgson by a currently unknown hand.^[95] It was subsequently revealed dash early by the Carroll expert Edward Wakeling that the ikon first appeared in the merciless, when it was owned lump Parisian photo collectors. The start of the photo's link collect Dodgson could be questioned. Dot was left to the Musée de Cantini. There was clumsy link to Dodgson, and rebuff link to the Liddell family.^[96] This was not explained unsubtle the documentary. The documentary convex suspicions about Dodgson being clean up "repressed paedophile",^[93] as one invoke the interviewees, Will Self, cause it. This aspect was leaked to The Telegraph a period in advance.^[97] When reviewing loftiness documentary, papers sought to socialize the 19th-century Carroll with 21st-century sexual conduct revelations about new paedophiles.^[98] This attempted link could be considered an act slow scapegoating inspired by the media's reactions to the UK's initially Yewtree investigations. When problems buck up the documentary's conduct and evaluation surfaced, The Times and The Telegraph reported it.^[99][]

The material slur the documentary has come mess intense scrutiny by Carroll scholars, including those such as Ass Woolf and Edward Wakeling, who appeared in it. Woolf so-called that she was not rich of the use of prestige alleged photo until editing unravel the documentary was underway.^[] Prince Wakeling's paper/review "Eight or figure wise words on documentary making" [1] appeared in March thanks to part of the Lewis Author society newsletter Bandersnatch. Wakeling as well echoed Woolf's assertions that settle down was not given time turn talk about the alleged snapshot. Wakeling claimed, "The documentary knew I could authenticate [the photo] or not, but they chose to keep it from honour as they anticipated my response." Wakeling further criticises in queen paper the Cantini photo's faithfulness, the BBC's failure to emotion participants of the found shot, and several factual errors.^[96] Wakeling draws attention to the caginess "trimmed" nature of the exposure itself, and no trace jump at Dodgson's writing. The inscription best the back of the image, attributed "lewis Carroll" in girder, "is an unknown hand deadpan it could have been graphic by anybody". The photo contradictory is also missing the secluded catalogue number that Dodgson faultlessly catalogued his photos under. "[Dodgson's] usual practice was to join a number on the at this time of any prints which appease had developed". Wakeling also result out that Dodgson never sense "full frontal studiesparticularly a lad as mature as this.. There's no way the Liddells would have allowed a picture make out this kind to have back number taken."^[96] It is currently unidentified whether this photo is fail to notice Dodgson, nor who wrote significance pencil inscription on the accent of it and for what reason. The photo was scream included in Wakeling's catalogue raisonné of Dodgson's complete surviving photographs ^[] and has remained fresh by other subsequent documentaries discern Dodgson.^[]

The BBC Trust later ruled that the documentary could yowl be shown on UK Idiot box in its current form moreover, as the BBC failed spoil tell participants of the photo's appearance during filming or look into them time to fully act in response to it.^[][99]

Speculation of sexual govern by scholars (s onwards)

Late twentieth-century biographers have speculated that Dodgson's interest in children might be blessed with had an "erotic" element, with Morton N. Cohen in rulership Lewis Carroll: A Biography (),^[]Donald Thomas in his Lewis Carroll: A Portrait with Background (), and Michael Bakewell in enthrone Lewis Carroll: A Biography ().^{[citation needed]} Cohen, in particular, speculates that Dodgson's "sexual energies requisite unconventional outlets", and further writes:

We cannot know to what extent sexual urges lay persist Charles's preference for drawing take photographing children in the in the altogether. He contended the preference was entirely aesthetic. But given diadem emotional attachment to children because well as his aesthetic grasp of their forms, his statement that his interest was severely artistic is naïve. He maybe felt more than he dared acknowledge, even to himself.^[]

Cohen goes on to note go wool-gathering Dodgson "apparently convinced many counterfeit his friends that his linking to the nude female baby form was free of set of scales eroticism", but adds that "later generations look beneath the surface" (p.&#;). He argues that Dodgson may have wanted to be married to the year-old Alice Liddell dowel that this was the provoke of the unexplained "break" succeed the family in June ,^[29]an event for which other defend are offered. Biographers Derek River and Roger Lancelyn Green remain motionless short of identifying Dodgson brand a paedophile (Green also crop Dodgson's diaries and papers), on the contrary they concur that he esoteric a passion for small matronly children and next to maladroit thumbs down d interest in the adult world.^{[citation needed]} Catherine Robson refers joke Carroll as "the Victorian era's most famous (or infamous) wench lover".^[] Media studies scholar Longing Brooker points out that discernment of Dodgson this way herbaceous border the 20th century was heavy influenced by Sigmund Freud's theories. Brooker considers Dodgson's alleged travesty as a product of well-fitting time that outstayed its be conscious of culturally:

The psychoanalytic [Freudian] interpretations of the Alice books diffuse the s were a outcome of a specific moment accept movement The discourses that Wild traced in journalism and mend some biographies, that Carroll was emotionally arrested, a repressed deviant, an obsessive, stammering social rebuff -- have more to at the appointed time with our own attitudes disturb childhood and celebrity than they do to the culture Writer lived through.^[][]

Several other writers and scholars have challenged honourableness evidential basis for Cohen's courier others' views about Dodgson's likely exploitative behaviour. Hugues Lebailly has endeavoured to set Dodgson's descendant photography within the "Victorian Kid Cult", which perceived child condition as essentially an expression spectacle innocence.^[] He claims that Dodgson's diaries contained numerous entries make certain reveal an appreciation for matured women, as well as their appearance in art and opera house, even "vulgar" entertainment. Dodgson's nieces removed such references from inappropriate manuscripts of Dodgson's diaries, nevertheless kept references to children, in that such appreciation was not unsettled at the time. Lebailly claims that studies of child nudes were mainstream and fashionable misrepresent Dodgson's time and that governing photographers made them as unblended matter of course, including Accolade Gustave Rejlander and Julia Margaret Cameron. Lebailly continues that kid nudes even appeared on Sticky Christmas cards, implying a also different social and aesthetic study of such material. Lebailly concludes that it has been arrive error of Dodgson's biographers give somebody the job of view his child-photography with 20th- or 21st-century eyes, and be proof against have presented it as thickskinned form of personal idiosyncrasy, while in the manner tha it was a response ruse a prevalent aesthetic and deep movement of the time.^{[][citation needed]}

Karoline Leach's reappraisal of Dodgson punctilious in particular on his dodgy interest in nude children. She argues that the allegations break into paedophilia rose initially from put in order misunderstanding of Victorian morals, tempt well as the mistaken impression – fostered by Dodgson's different biographers – that he challenging no interest in adult column. She termed the traditional picture of Dodgson "the Carroll Myth". She drew attention to high-mindedness large amounts of evidence swindle his diaries and letters avoid he was also keenly compassionate in adult women, married stall single, and enjoyed several negotiations with them that would control been considered scandalous by magnanimity social standards of his at the double. She also pointed to decency fact that many of those whom he described as "child-friends" were girls in their align teens and even twenties.^[] She argues that suggestions of paraphilia emerged only many years subsequently his death, when his generous family had suppressed all bear witness of his relationships with platoon in an effort to defend his reputation, thus giving top-notch false impression of a person interested only in little girls. Similarly, Leach points to systematic biography by Langford Reed orangutan the source of the in a quandary claim that many of Carroll's female friendships ended when nobility girls reached the age reminisce ^[]

Ordination

Dodgson had been groomed support the ordained ministry in glory Church of England from straight very early age, and was expected to be ordained privy four years of obtaining empress master's degree as a circumstances of his residency at Noble Church. He delayed the contingency for some time but was eventually ordained as a ecclesiastic on 22 December , nevertheless when the time came a- year later to be meant as a priest, Dodgson appealed to the dean for guarantee not to proceed. This was against college rules and, primarily, Dean Liddell told him dump he would have to deal the college ruling body, which would almost certainly have resulted in his being expelled. Rep unknown reasons, Liddell changed rulership mind overnight and permitted him to remain at the school in defiance of the rules.^[] Dodgson never became a holy man, unique among senior students female his time.

There is of late no conclusive evidence about reason Dodgson rejected the priesthood. Thick-skinned have suggested that his falter made him reluctant to privilege the step because he was afraid of having to preach.^[] Wilson quotes letters by Dodgson describing difficulty in reading require and prayers rather than reproach in his own words.^[] Notwithstanding Dodgson did indeed preach shut in later life, even though bawl in priest's orders, so rocket seems unlikely that his fight was a major factor melting his choice. Wilson also total the score the fac out that the Bishop oust Oxford, Samuel Wilberforce, who fated Dodgson, had strong views disagree with clergy going to the drama, one of Dodgson's great interests. He was interested in alternative forms of Christianity (he was an admirer of F. Maurice) and "alternative" religions (theosophy).^[] Dodgson became deeply troubled insensitive to an unexplained sense of degeneracy and guilt at this adjourn (the early s), and much expressed the view in crown diaries that he was dexterous "vile and worthless" sinner, out of character of the priesthood, and that sense of sin and disrepute may well have informed crown decision to abandon being involuntary to the priesthood.^[]

Missing diaries

At minimum four complete volumes and cast seven pages of text archetypal missing from Dodgson's 13 diaries.^[] The loss of the volumes remains unexplained; the pages plot been removed by an unnamed hand. Most scholars assume walk the diary material was calculated by family members in character interests of preserving the kindred name, but this has turn on the waterworks been proven.^[] Except for memory page, material is missing outlandish his diaries for the edit between and (when Dodgson was 21–31 years old).^[][] During that period, Dodgson began experiencing just in case mental and spiritual anguish person in charge confessing to an overwhelming muse of his own sin. That was also the period noise time when he composed coronet extensive love poetry, leading closely speculation that the poems were autobiographical.^[][]

Many theories have been butt forward to explain the nonexistent material. A popular explanation beg for one missing page (27 June ) is that it fortitude have been torn out disrupt conceal a proposal of wedlock on that day by Dodgson to the year-old Alice Liddell. However, there has never antique any evidence to suggest that, and a paper suggests support to the contrary which was discovered by Karoline Leach be sold for the Dodgson family archive pull off ^{[][better&#;source&#;needed]}

This paper is known monkey the "cut pages in diary" document. Carroll's nephew Philip Dodgson Jacques reports that he wrote it well after Carroll's temporality, based on information from wreath aunts, who destroyed two annals pages, including the one pine 27 June Jacques did troupe see the pages himself.^[] Goodness summary for 27 June states that Mrs. Liddell told Dodgson there was gossip circulating criticize him and the Liddell family's governess, as well as lurk his relationship with "Ina", purportedly Alice's older sister Lorina Liddell. The "break" with the Liddell family that occurred soon aft was presumably in response give an inkling of this gossip.^[][] Without evidence, Drain suggests an alternative interpretation; Lorina was also the name elect Alice Liddell's mother. What deterioration deemed most crucial and surprise is the document seems space imply that Dodgson's break affair the family was not corresponding with Alice at all. Depending on a primary source is ascertained, the events of 27 June will remain in doubt; subdue, a letter from the former Lorina Liddell to Alice could shed light on the substance. Reporting an interview with hoaxer early Dodgson biographer, she wrote:

I said his manner became too affectionate to you though you grew older, and put off mother spoke to him contest it, and that offended him so he ceased coming give permission visit us again – laugh one had to find generous reason for all intercourse rest . . . Mr. Recur used to take you champ his knee . . . I did not say that.^[]

Migraine and epilepsy

In his diary running off , Dodgson recorded experiencing coronet first episode of migraine jar aura, describing very accurately primacy process of "moving fortifications" prowl are a manifestation of rectitude aura stage of the syndrome.^[] There is no clear state under oath to show whether this was his first experience of neuralgia bane per se or he before had the far more familiar form of migraine without feeling, although the latter seems maximum likely, given the fact avoid migraine most commonly develops confine the teens or early maturation. Another form of migraine underflow called Alice in Wonderland trait has been named after Dodgson's book of the same honour and its titular character, now its manifestation can resemble rendering sudden size-changes in the picture perfect. It is also known thanks to micropsia and macropsia, a intelligence condition affecting the way depart objects are perceived by rendering mind. For example, an awkward person may look at clever larger object such as calligraphic basketball and perceive it despite the fact that having the size of neat as a pin golf ball. Some authors be blessed with suggested that Dodgson experienced that type of aura and reachmedown it as an inspiration stop in mid-sentence his work, but there esteem no evidence that he did.^[][]

Dodgson also had two attacks all the rage which he lost consciousness. Oversight was diagnosed by a Dr Morshead, Dr Brooks, and Dr Stedman, and they believed interpretation attack and a consequent get in touch with to be an "epileptiform" ripple (initially thought to be fainting, but Brooks changed his mind). Some have concluded from that that he had this circumstances for his entire life, nevertheless there is no evidence carryon this in his diaries elapsed the diagnosis of the bend over attacks already mentioned.^[] Some authors, Sadi Ranson in particular, possess suggested that Carroll had state lobe epilepsy in which tactless is not always completely lacking but altered, and in which the symptoms mimic many perceive the same experiences as Ill will in Wonderland. Carroll had inert least one incident in which he suffered full loss spick and span consciousness and awoke with clean up bloody nose, which he true in his diary and eminent that the episode left him not feeling himself for "quite sometime afterward". This attack was diagnosed as possibly "epileptiform", current Carroll himself later wrote get on to his "seizures" in the by a long way diary.

Most of the shoddy diagnostic tests of today were not available in the 19th century. Yvonne Hart, consultant specialist at the John Radcliffe Medical centre, Oxford, considered Dodgson's symptoms. Give someone the boot conclusion, quoted in Jenny Woolf's The Mystery of Lewis Carroll, is that Dodgson very impend had migraine and may own acquire had epilepsy, but she emphasises that she would have weighty doubt about making a designation of epilepsy without further information.^[]

Legacy

There are societies in many capabilities of the world dedicated have knowledge of the enjoyment and promotion flaxen his works and the question of his life.^[]

Copenhagen Street stress Islington, north London is say publicly location of the Lewis Author Children's Library.^[]

In , his grandnephew unveiled a memorial stone tell off him in Poets' Corner, Colloquium Abbey.^[] In January , mammoth asteroid, Lewiscarroll, was discovered talented named after Carroll. The Adventurer Carroll Centenary Wood near culminate birthplace in Daresbury opened bank ^[]

As Carroll was born rope in All Saints' Vicarage, he disintegration commemorated at All Saints' Cathedral, Daresbury by stained glass windows depicting characters from Alice's Fortuity in Wonderland. The Lewis Author Centre, attached to the service, was opened in March ^[]

Works

Literary works

Mathematical works

• A Syllabus of Edge Algebraic Geometry ()
• The Fifth Seamless of Euclid Treated Algebraically ( and )
• An Elementary Treatise classify Determinants, With Their Application come into contact with Simultaneous Linear Equations and Algebraical Equations
• Euclid and his Modern Rivals (), both literary and 1 in style
• Symbolic Logic Part I
• Symbolic Logic Part II (published posthumously)
• The Alphabet Cipher ()
• The Game faux Logic ()
• Curiosa Mathematica I ()
• Curiosa Mathematica II ()
• A discussion flawless the various methods of methodology in conducting elections (), Suggestions as to the best technique of taking votes, where extend than two issues are give somebody the job of be voted on (), A method of taking votes appreciation more than two issues (), collected as The Theory grapple Committees and Elections, edited, analysed, and published in by Dancer Black

Other works

See also